My Blog. Alix introduced the man with his arm in a sling as Eloise Maitre. Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. According to the National Palace Chief of Police, Jean Tassy, 2,053 individuals were killed from 1957 to 1967, in the police headquarters alone (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 56). Papa Doc & the Tontons Macoutes by Bernard Diederich | Goodreads EPICA, Voices for Haiti Report, Beyond the Mountains, More Mountains. In the episode, Doakes has an altercation with Jacques Bayard, a past member of Tonton Macoute. The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). As such, the role of the Gestapo changed as well, from merely secret police force tasked with intelligence and oppression of enemies ofthe Nazis within Germany, to those in the occupied territories as well. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). They allegedly wanted revenge for the murder of a sergeant from the local barracks earlier that day. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. According to US journalist Harry Frank (in Gaillard, 1981: 208), US pilots did not verify what type of gathering (a Caco camp, an open farmers market, or peasants on their way to church) they were attacking. Anyone who challenged the VSN risked assassination. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his son's reign of power. Since then, despite the presence of an ineffective UN peacekeeping force, gangs have continued to wreak havoc and murder throughout a country where new graves are guarded to prevent bodies being stolen for voodoo rituals. The soldiers first shot at voters in the waiting line with automatic weapons, before continuing their attack with machetes inside the polling station. Saez, Jos Luiz, Los Jesuitas en la Repblica Dominicana, Santo Domingo: Museo Nacional de Historia y Geografa: Archivos Histricos de las Antillas, 1988. 'I, Too, Want to Be a Big Man': The Making of a Haitian 'Boat People', "The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror", "1. His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. In the northeastern region alone, up to 15,000 individuals were killed, most of them with machetes, between the 2nd and the 8th of October. According to an OAS report (ICRH, 1991), the roots of the killing lie in a land conflict in the village of Terre-Casse, near Gervais, Guyton and Coligny, opposing several peasant families and local small landowners since 1973. Peasants, the Trujillo Regime and Modernity in Dominican History, Stanford, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2003. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. ), En Grandissant sous Duvalier. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. However, most of those responsible for the repression escaped prosecution. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. The following day, Vilbrun Sam and Etienne were dragged respectively from the consulates of France and of the Dominican Republic, where they had sought refuge, and were lynched by a mob. 1937 (October): In the neighboring Dominican Republic, dictator Trujillo ordered the slaughter of 17,000 to 20,000 Haitian migrants and Dominicans of Haitian origin by the Dominican army (the conventional number in the Dominican Republic is 17,000, although Saez (1988: 60) puts it at 20,000 ; Turits (2002: 590) calculated a total of 15,000 killed). Executions, most of which probably occurred during periods of open resistance to occupation, from July to November 1915 and again in 1919, seem very much alive in Haitian collective memory. Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were a tool to instill fear. Backed by politician Franois Duvalier, Kebreau proclaimed himself head of the executive branch of government and organized the September 22 elections, later won by Duvalier. United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. _ * (For sources on the massacre thesis, see Roc, 2004; NCHR, March 2004; and Fuller, 2005; for sources that deny the very existence of the event, see Haiti-Progrs, 2004). Fifty years on, the victims of Duvalier pre can only evoke these atrocities ceremonially, while a few of those who suffered similarly under his son were recently able to briefly face him in court. [4] One witness said he saw Romain himself at the massacre, alongside his men;[6] a number of witnesses saw city hall employees among the attackers. Backgrounder: Gang Violence in Haiti | Geopolitical Monitor The members of the firing squad, chosen by Duvalier himself, were high-ranking officers who were all relatives or close friends of the victims. As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on November 13th, 2018- perpetrated by G-9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime- these more recent. While SAVAMA was a new police force in name, many historians argue that SAVAMA was merely an extension of its predecessor, maintaining the same methods as before. After the country's first free elections in 1991, the new president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was forced to flee after a coup by corrupt military figures keen to control lucrative cocaine smuggling routes. A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. Gaillard (1983: 261), adding innocent victims and Cacos killed in combat throughout the occupation, reached the number of 15,000. OpenSubtitles2018.v3. Lemoine, Patrick, Fort-Dimanche, Fort-la-Mort, CIDIHCA, 1996. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. The group was tasked with rooting out looters and bandits in the country following a series of mutinies and widespread chaos in the country. 1994 (night of February 2-3): Killing named Massacre de Carrefour Vincent by the Truth and Justice Commission. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. The MVSN, commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, was notorious for corruption and brutality. Posted on June 16, 2022 June 16, 2022 1986 (January 31): Army soldiers led by Colonel Samuel Jrmie killed nearly one hundred people in Logane (Southwest of Port-au-Prince) during a demonstration of peasants who were (prematurely) celebrating the departure into exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. The Gestapo in a sense became somewhat of a paramilitary force as well during the war. There should be no statute of limitations for judgment on that. Seligman estimated the number of innocent victims (men, women and children) at 3,000. Keyboardist/vocalist Paul French reemerged at decade's end with art-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. The number of their victims remains unknown. Even after Papa Doc died in 1971 there was no respite for Haiti. Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. The other four were killed by a firing squad as an example, following an order from Laborde Corvoisier. According to Pierre-Charles (2000), there were several hundred victims during this year alone. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Haiti. Andrew Malone for the Daily Mail Repression of these movements followed, then an armed rebellion erupted in January and February 2004. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 Vido de la terreur des Duvalier President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. The Central Office of Banditry Repression, or OCRB was a secret police force formed in the Central African Republic that was formed in the early to 1990s. Bernard Diederich, Al Burt. The total number of victims, 22, was disputed. "1.2. Macoute - Wiktionary There had been an attempted kidnapping of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier that morning and his father, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, decided to unleash his wrath, and his henchmen, on the entire city of Port-au-Prince. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. _ During this period, most of the killings and executions targeted small groups of individuals and therefore can not be listed here. Hurbon, Laennec, La Dsymbolisation du pouvoir et ses effets meurtriers, Chemins Critiques, Montreal, Cidihca, 2001. Several families from Jrmie (the Sansericq, Drouin and Villedrouin families) were entirely wiped out. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. Beyond the Gulags, the NKVD was instrumental in Stalins genocide in the Ukraine where millions perished due to hunger, and the Great Purge of the communist party and the Red Army between 1934 and 1940. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded tropical forests. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Their executions were summary and swift, and most often evidence was sparring at best. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". In December 2003, more than 13 years after the event, the investigative magistrate (who was the seventh to work on the case) issued a report indicting 53 suspects, including the various landowners and General Prosper Avril, for nine charges including murder. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81-84; Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 21; ICHR, 1992). The victims of Tonton Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). [citation needed], In 1985 the United States began to shut down funds to Haitian aid, cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities Breath, Eyes, Memory", "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD", "Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front Rvolutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)", "Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonton_Macoute&oldid=1136386311, Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Haiti Face the Future, EPICA, Washington, DC, 1994. 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Kelly Will Pay More Than $300,000 For Therapy And Herpes Treatment To Sex Crimes Victims, The 10 Greatest Billboard Hits Of Nicki Minaj, Ranked. 1902 (September 17): 10 disarmed peasants from the government forces were killed on orders of the pro-Firmin general Laborde Corvoisier after a battle in Limb (in the North of the country). Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii. As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on Nov. 13, 2018 - perpetrated by G9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime - these more recent massacres are targeting unarmed civilians in popular neighborhoods that are bases of Lavalas opposition to the regime. 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. Biden administration drafts UN resolution for deployment of foreign Stop the massacres in Haiti: End US and UN support for the criminal Montas joins an even shorter list of high profile victims, whom Baby Doc is able to identify by name. [18][19], Some of the most important members of the Tontons Macoute were Vodou leaders. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. When the Hospital could not supply this, the local funeral homes would be used. These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. While the young have never been told, while so many older Haitians have chosen to forget, while some politicians are now attempting to rewrite history, and while the charges against Jean Claude Duvalier are still pending, I hope that the voices of those saying 'never again' will this time be heard.". Members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, commonly known as the Tonton Macoute, Haiti 1960 photo credit by reddit Over their 28-year run, the Makout killed an estimated 60,000 people, according to the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Those condemned included Castra Cnafils, an army captain, and Jean Tatoune, a FRAPH member. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. After 40 years, the Stasi disbanded with the fall of East Germany. Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack and eats them for breakfast. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. By Macoute Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. The attempted kidnapping had been orchestrated by Clment Barbot, a macoute and former head of the secret services of Papa Doc, to whom he was close. [4] Aristide, who had survived at least six attempts on his life after a fiery 1985 Mass had helped spark the unrest which eventually led to the 1986 overthrow of the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier,[5] was evacuated from the church into a residence inside the church compound. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. Journalists were crushed. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. CLINTON GRAPHICALLY DETAILS ATROCITIES IN HAITI - Sun Sentinel State Against Nation. [5][7] In 1993 Antoine Izmry was assassinated at a mass commemorating the massacre. 1993 (December 27): The FRAPH killed 37 people, while 26 others from the Cit Soleil shantytown were victims of forced disappearance. Over 1,000 houses were set on fire and destroyed by paramilitaries attempting to avenge the death of a FRAPH member in the area. The first six were adolescents. Diederich is a journalist who once ran a newspaper in Haiti titled Haiti Sun. The leader of the de-facto regime, Raoul Cdras, lives in Panama. Tonton Macoute | Discography | Discogs According to Trouillot (1990: 106), 5,500 people died in forced labor camps. At least two young women, Anne and Ktia, were raped in the pro-Aristide police station of Saint-Marc, where they had come to report the assassination of their spouses. Several dozens of people were also taken to the Fort-Dimanche prison in Port-au-Prince and were later disappeared, a method used afterward by the military regimes in Chile (1973-1989), Argentina (1976-1983) and Brazil (1964-1985). However, since no material evidence had been brought to the commission, no charges were brought against Lavoie. With one out of every 43 Romanians on the Securitates payroll, it was nearly impossible for those opposed to the regime to organize in any meaningful numbers. In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. In 1920, during hearings held by the US Navy, Lavoie was accused of this by other US officers. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, VII, La Gurilla de Batraville, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1983. In January and February 1999, Rmy Lucas, Lonard Lucas and Jean-Michel Richardson were detained for a short period. Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1988-1989, Washington, D.C., 1990. 3, pp. Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. 4.00. Following Jean-Claude Duvaliers flight and exile, a crowd of half a million people took to the streets of Port-au-Prince, chased macoutes and destroyed the symbols of despotism. The BRAC was disbanded after Batista fled to Spain in 1959 as communist forces moved into Havana. Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. 10 of the Most Brutal Secret Police Forces in History - TheRichest The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. These events have been covered by the media but to this day, no formal evidence of the scope of the killing has been revealed. Les Violations de droits de lhomme lpoque des Duvaliers, Editions du Cresfed, Port-au-Prince, 2000. The Stasi was fundamentally an intelligence agency, and it is estimated that there was one Stasi informant per 160 East German citizens. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. During the time of the NKVD, nearly ten million prisoners died in the Gulags, while millions more languished for years in the forced labour camps. "Tonton Macoutes" style death . National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Americas Watch, Haiti. [26] FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York, Montreal and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.[27]. The background of the event, the persons responsible for it and the perpetrators seem to remain subject to discussion. According to a diocesian commission (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162), which photo-documented the event, the perpetrators were an army unit assisted by armed men acting on behalf of a local landowner. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital. At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. Tonton Macoute Horror Movie 75 subscribers When teenager Jean-Claude is foolish enough to steal from his grandmother, he is hunted by Tonton Macoute, the Haitian Boogeyman he said he no. The few -- like Montas, who was arrested on Jean Claude Duvalier's orders, on November 28, 1980 -- who have been able to file complaints or testify, represent a small percentage of those who were arrested, jailed, tortured, or killed under the younger's Duvalier regime. Martissant, des Tontons Macoutes aux gangs arms - Le Nouvelliste Obituary: Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's former - BBC _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). There should also be no statute of limitations on memory, whose precarious preservation can sometimes become a hazardous task. Rural people were crushed.". The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). Defying the widespread opposition and pressing need for other development projects, Haitian President Michel Martelly is pressing ahead with a plan to recreate Haiti's military, which has a dark legacy of repression in the Caribbean country. Les Tonton Macoute se dplacent dans l'ombre, comme des fantmes. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. The total number of victims was close to a hundred. A separate, detailed investigation of the event by a North-American human rights specialist in early 2005 put the total number of those killed at 27 (Fuller, 2005). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Roorda, Eric Paul, The Dictator Next Door: the Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1998. Others will choose to commemorate it privately, without uttering a word. Wearing their trademark mirrored sunglasses and designer T-shirts, these murderers and cannibals were named after a terrifying bogeyman from Haitian mythology, who carried off naughty children into slavery. United Nations, Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti (AA 55/335), United Nations, New York, 2000. THE TONTON MACOUTES In order to intimidate the Garde, which still had some professional standards, Du-valier organized a "militia" which may num-ber some 8,000 men. V no. But the torment did not end with the Duvaliers. Some victims of Stasi psychological harassment had mental breakdowns, or even committed suicide. Shortly afterwards, peasants from Gervais avenged this by killing the Section Chiefs subordinates. 1 a ; ; . 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. In 2001, for the first time in Haitis history, police officers were tried for human rights violations; four of them were convicted and received the minimum sentence for such a crime according to the law, three years imprisonment. In March, 1962, Papa Doc devised another refinement - the Tonton Macoutes ("bogeymen"). When Papa Doc began killing anyone he suspected of political opposition, Emmanuel took action . Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971.